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Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases

About Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases

  • Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases (neoplasms) are a group of diseases in which the bone marrow makes too many white blood cells.

    Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases have features of both myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasms.

    In myelodysplastic diseases, the blood stem cells do not mature into healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. The immature blood cells do not work as they should and die in the bone marrow or soon after they enter the blood. As a result, there are fewer healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

    In myeloproliferative diseases, a greater than normal number of blood stem cells become one or more types of blood cells, and the total number of blood cells slowly increases.

    Learn about myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases, and find information on how we support and care for people with these diseases before, during, and after treatment.

    The information below is from the National Cancer Institute (NCI).


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  • Research for MDS
    David Steensma, MD, leads clinical care for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) at Dana-Farber. Watch as he discusses basic, clinical, and population science studies underway at Dana-Farber that aim to develop more effective therapies and improve quality of life for patients with MDS.

  • Myelodysplastic/ Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Treatment (PDQ)

    General Information About Myelodysplastic/ Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

    Key Points

    • Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms are a group of diseases in which the bone marrow makes too many white blood cells.
    • Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms have features of both myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms.
    • There are different types of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms.
    • Tests that examine the blood and bone marrow are used to diagnose myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms.

    Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms are a group of diseases in which the bone marrow makes too many white blood cells.

    Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms are diseases of the blood and bone marrow.

    Enlarge Anatomy of the bone; drawing shows spongy bone, red marrow, and yellow marrow. A cross section of the bone shows compact bone and blood vessels in the bone marrow. Also shown are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and a blood stem cell.
    Anatomy of the bone. The bone is made up of compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow. Compact bone makes up the outer layer of the bone. Spongy bone is found mostly at the ends of bones and contains red marrow. Bone marrow is found in the center of most bones and has many blood vessels. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red marrow contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Yellow marrow is made mostly of fat.

    Normally, the bone marrow makes blood stem cells (immature cells) that become mature blood cells over time. A blood stem cell may become a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell. A lymphoid stem cell becomes a white blood cell. A myeloid stem cell becomes one of three types of mature blood cells:

    Enlarge Blood cell development; drawing shows the steps a blood stem cell goes through to become a red blood cell, platelet, or white blood cell. Drawing shows a myeloid stem cell becoming a red blood cell, platelet, or myeloblast, which then becomes a white blood cell. Drawing also shows a lymphoid stem cell becoming a lymphoblast and then one of several different types of white blood cells.
    Blood cell development. A blood stem cell goes through several steps to become a red blood cell, platelet, or white blood cell.

    Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms have features of both myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms.

    In myelodysplastic diseases, the blood stem cells do not mature into healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. The immature blood cells, called blasts, do not work the way they should and die in the bone marrow or soon after they enter the blood. As a result, there are fewer healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

    In myeloproliferative diseases, a greater than normal number of blood stem cells become one or more types of blood cells and the total number of blood cells slowly increases.

    This summary is about neoplasms that have features of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative diseases. See the following PDQ summaries for more information about related diseases:

    There are different types of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms.

    The 3 main types of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms include the following:

    When a myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm does not match any of these types, it is called myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable (MDS/MPN-UC).

    Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms may progress to acute leukemia.

    Tests that examine the blood and bone marrow are used to diagnose myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms.

    The following tests and procedures may be used:

    • Physical exam and health history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease such as an enlarged spleen and liver. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
    • Complete blood count (CBC) with differential: A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following:
      • The number of red blood cells and platelets.
      • The number and type of white blood cells.
      • The amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in the red blood cells.
      • The portion of the sample made up of red blood cells.
      Enlarge Complete blood count (CBC); left panel shows blood being drawn from a vein on the inside of the elbow using a tube attached to a syringe; right panel shows a laboratory test tube with blood cells separated into layers: plasma, white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells.
      Complete blood count (CBC). Blood is collected by inserting a needle into a vein and allowing the blood to flow into a tube. The blood sample is sent to the laboratory and the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are counted. The CBC is used to test for, diagnose, and monitor many different conditions.
    • Peripheral blood smear: A procedure in which a sample of blood is checked for blast cells, the number and kinds of white blood cells, the number of platelets, and changes in the shape of blood cells.
    • Blood chemistry studies: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease.
    • Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: The removal of a small piece of bone and bone marrow by inserting a needle into the hipbone or breastbone. A pathologist views both the bone and bone marrow samples under a microscope to look for abnormal cells.
      Enlarge Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy; drawing shows a patient lying face down on a table and a bone marrow needle being inserted into the hip bone. Inset shows the bone marrow needle being inserted through the skin into the bone marrow of the hip bone.
      Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. After a small area of skin is numbed, a bone marrow needle is inserted into the patient’s hip bone. Samples of blood, bone, and bone marrow are removed for examination under a microscope.

      The following tests may be done on the sample of tissue that is removed:

      • Cytogenetic analysis: A laboratory test in which the chromosomes of cells in a sample of bone marrow or blood are counted and checked for any changes, such as broken, missing, rearranged, or extra chromosomes. Changes in certain chromosomes may be a sign of cancer. Cytogenetic analysis is used to help diagnose cancer, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. The cancer cells in myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms do not contain the Philadelphia chromosome that is present in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
      • Immunocytochemistry: A laboratory test that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens (markers) in a sample of a patient’s bone marrow. The antibodies are usually linked to an enzyme or a fluorescent dye. After the antibodies bind to the antigen in the sample of the patient's bone marrow, the enzyme or dye is activated, and the antigen can then be seen under a microscope. This type of test is used to help diagnose cancer and to tell the difference between myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, leukemia, and other conditions.

    Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia

    Key Points

    • Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia is a disease in which too many myelocytes and monocytes (immature white blood cells) are made in the bone marrow.
    • Older age and being male increase the risk of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
    • Signs and symptoms of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia include fever, weight loss, and feeling very tired.
    • Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

    Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia is a disease in which too many myelocytes and monocytes (immature white blood cells) are made in the bone marrow.

    In chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), the body tells too many blood stem cells to become two types of white blood cells called myelocytes and monocytes. Some of these blood stem cells never become mature white blood cells. These immature white blood cells are called blasts. Over time, the myelocytes, monocytes, and blasts crowd out the red blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow. When this happens, infection, anemia, or easy bleeding may occur.

    Older age and being male increase the risk of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.

    Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Possible risk factors for CMML include the following:

    • Older age.
    • Being male.
    • Being exposed to certain substances at work or in the environment.
    • Being exposed to radiation.
    • Past treatment with certain anticancer drugs.

    Signs and symptoms of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia include fever, weight loss, and feeling very tired.

    These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by CMML or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:

    • Fever for no known reason.
    • Infection.
    • Feeling very tired.
    • Weight loss for no known reason.
    • Easy bruising or bleeding.
    • Pain or a feeling of fullness below the ribs.

    Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

    The prognosis and treatment options for CMML depend on the following:

    • The number of white blood cells or platelets in the blood or bone marrow.
    • Whether the patient is anemic.
    • The amount of blasts in the blood or bone marrow.
    • The amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
    • Whether there are certain changes in the chromosomes.

    Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia

    Key Points

    • Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia is a childhood disease in which too many myelocytes and monocytes (immature white blood cells) are made in the bone marrow.
    • Signs and symptoms of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia include fever, weight loss, and feeling very tired.
    • Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

    Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia is a childhood disease in which too many myelocytes and monocytes (immature white blood cells) are made in the bone marrow.

    Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare childhood cancer that occurs more often in children younger than 2 years. Children who have neurofibromatosis type 1 and males have an increased risk of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia.

    In JMML, the body tells too many blood stem cells to become two types of white blood cells called myelocytes and monocytes. Some of these blood stem cells never become mature white blood cells. These immature white blood cells are called blasts. Over time, the myelocytes, monocytes, and blasts crowd out the red blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow. When this happens, infection, anemia, or easy bleeding may occur.

    Signs and symptoms of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia include fever, weight loss, and feeling very tired.

    These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by JMML or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:

    • Fever for no known reason.
    • Having infections, such as bronchitis or tonsillitis.
    • Feeling very tired.
    • Easy bruising or bleeding.
    • Skin rash.
    • Painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, stomach, or groin.
    • Pain or a feeling of fullness below the ribs.

    Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

    The prognosis and treatment options for JMML depend on the following:

    • The age of the child at diagnosis.
    • The number of platelets in the blood.
    • The amount of a certain type of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

    Atypical Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

    Key Points

    • Atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia is a disease in which too many granulocytes (immature white blood cells) are made in the bone marrow.
    • Signs and symptoms of atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia include easy bruising or bleeding and feeling tired and weak.
    • Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery).

    Atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia is a disease in which too many granulocytes (immature white blood cells) are made in the bone marrow.

    In atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), the body tells too many blood stem cells to become a type of white blood cell called granulocytes. Some of these blood stem cells never become mature white blood cells. These immature white blood cells are called blasts. Over time, the granulocytes and blasts crowd out the red blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow.

    The leukemia cells in atypical CML and CML look alike under a microscope. However, in atypical CML a certain chromosome change, called the "Philadelphia chromosome" is not there.

    Signs and symptoms of atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia include easy bruising or bleeding and feeling tired and weak.

    These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by atypical CML or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:

    • Shortness of breath.
    • Pale skin.
    • Feeling very tired and weak.
    • Easy bruising or bleeding.
    • Petechiae (flat, pinpoint spots under the skin caused by bleeding).
    • Pain or a feeling of fullness below the ribs on the left side.

    Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery).

    The prognosis for atypical CML depends on the number of red blood cells and platelets in the blood.

    Myelodysplastic/ Myeloproliferative Neoplasm, Unclassifiable

    Key Points

    • Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable, is a disease that has features of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative diseases but is not chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, or atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia.
    • Signs and symptoms of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable, include fever, weight loss, and feeling very tired.

    Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable, is a disease that has features of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative diseases but is not chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, or atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia.

    In myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable (MDS/MPD-UC), the body tells too many blood stem cells to become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Some of these blood stem cells never become mature blood cells. These immature blood cells are called blasts. Over time, the abnormal blood cells and blasts in the bone marrow crowd out the healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

    MDS/MPN-UC is a very rare disease. Because it is so rare, the factors that affect risk and prognosis are not known.

    Signs and symptoms of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable, include fever, weight loss, and feeling very tired.

    These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by MDS/MPN-UC or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:

    • Fever or frequent infections.
    • Shortness of breath.
    • Feeling very tired and weak.
    • Pale skin.
    • Easy bruising or bleeding.
    • Petechiae (flat, pinpoint spots under the skin caused by bleeding).
    • Pain or a feeling of fullness below the ribs.

    Stages of Myelodysplastic/ Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

    Key Points

    • There is no standard staging system for myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms.

    There is no standard staging system for myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms.

    The process used to find out if cancer has spread is called staging. There is no standard staging system for myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. It is important to know the type of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm in order to plan treatment.

    Treatment Option Overview

    Key Points

    • There are different types of treatment for patients with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms.
    • Five types of standard treatment are used:
      • Chemotherapy
      • Other drug therapy
      • Stem cell transplant
      • Supportive care
      • Targeted therapy
    • New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
    • Treatment for myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms may cause side effects.
    • Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
    • Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
    • Follow-up tests may be needed.

    There are different types of treatment for patients with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms.

    Different types of treatments are available for patients with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.

    Five types of standard treatment are used:

    Chemotherapy

    Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). Combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug.

    See Drugs Approved for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms for more information.

    Other drug therapy

    13-cis retinoic acid is a vitamin-like drug that slows the cancer's ability to make more cancer cells and changes the way these cells look and act.

    Stem cell transplant

    Chemotherapy is given to kill abnormal cells or cancer cells. Healthy cells, including blood-forming cells, are also destroyed by the cancer treatment. Stem cell transplant is a treatment to replace the blood-forming cells. Stem cells (immature blood cells) are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored. After the patient completes chemotherapy, the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion. These reinfused stem cells grow into (and restore) the body's blood cells.

    Enlarge Stem cell transplant; (Panel 1): Drawing of stem cells being removed from a patient or donor. Blood is collected from a vein in the arm and flows through a machine that removes the stem cells; the remaining blood is returned to a vein in the other arm. (Panel 2): Drawing of a health care provider giving a patient treatment to kill blood-forming cells. Chemotherapy is given to the patient through a catheter in the chest. (Panel 3): Drawing of stem cells being given to the patient through a catheter in the chest.
    Stem cell transplant. (Step 1): Blood is taken from a vein in the arm of the donor. The patient or another person may be the donor. The blood flows through a machine that removes the stem cells. Then the blood is returned to the donor through a vein in the other arm. (Step 2): The patient receives chemotherapy to kill blood-forming cells. The patient may receive radiation therapy (not shown). (Step 3): The patient receives stem cells through a catheter placed into a blood vessel in the chest.

    Supportive care

    Supportive care is given to lessen the problems caused by the disease or its treatment. Supportive care may include transfusion therapy or drug therapy, such as antibiotics to fight infection.

    Targeted therapy

    Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. Targeted therapies usually cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy do.

    See Drugs Approved for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms for more information.

    New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.

    Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.

    Treatment for myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms may cause side effects.

    For information about side effects caused by treatment for cancer, see our Side Effects page.

    Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.

    For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.

    Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.

    Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.

    Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.

    Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.

    Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials supported by NCI can be found on NCI’s clinical trials search webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the ClinicalTrials.gov website.

    Follow-up tests may be needed.

    Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.

    Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.

    Treatment of Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia

    For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.

    Treatment of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) may include the following:

    Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.

    Treatment of Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia

    For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.

    Treatment of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) may include the following:

    Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.

    Treatment of Aypical Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

    For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.

    Treatment of atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) may include the following:

    Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.

    Treatment of Myelodysplastic/ Myeloproliferative Neoplasm, Unclassifiable

    For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.

    Because myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable (MDS/MPN-UC) is a rare disease, little is known about its treatment. Treatment may include the following:

    Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.

    To Learn More About Myelodysplastic/ Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

    Updated:

    This content is provided by the National Cancer Institute (www.cancer.gov)
    Syndicated Content Details:
    Source URL: https://www.cancer.gov/node/5809/syndication
    Source Agency: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
    Captured Date: 2013-09-14 09:03:06.0

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